inorganic minerals wikipedia
[108], Amphiboles have great variability in chemistry, described variously as a "mineralogical garbage can" or a "mineralogical shark swimming a sea of elements". [98] Zeolites often have distinctive crystal habits, occurring in needles, plates, or blocky masses. Halite and sylvite commonly form as evaporites, and can be dominant minerals in chemical sedimentary rocks. [2] In some classifications, In the Dana and Strunz classifications, amber is considered an organic mineral, but this classification is not approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). [128] Finally, multiple oxides are compounds of two metals with oxygen. [19] These biominerals are not listed in the International Mineral Association official list of mineral names,[28] however, many of these biomineral representatives are distributed amongst the 78 mineral classes listed in the Dana classification scheme. Silicon, as a general rule, is in four-fold coordination in all minerals; an exception is a case like stishovite (SiO2, an ultra-high pressure quartz polymorph with rutile structure). Single-chain silicates have a silicon:oxygen ratio of 1:3 (e.g. In contrast, micas, which have perfect basal cleavage, consist of sheets of silica tetrahedra which are very weakly held together. [123] Pyrite (FeS2), is the most commonly occurring sulfide, and can be found in most geological environments. Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. Other types of fracture are fibrous, splintery, and hackly. Polysynthetic twins are similar to cyclic twins through the presence of repetitive twinning; however, instead of occurring around a rotational axis, polysynthetic twinning occurs along parallel planes, usually on a microscopic scale. Horace Winchell (* 1.Januar 1915 in Madison, Wisconsin; † 20. Its class number is based on important compositional groups; the type gives the ratio of cations to anions in the mineral, and the last two numbers group minerals by structural similarity within a given type or class. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.. A mineral can be made of single chemical element or more usually a compound.There are over 4,000 types of known minerals. Other properties can be used to diagnose minerals. The most common hydrous sulfate by far is gypsum, CaSO4⋅2H2O. In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure, that occurs naturally in pure form. [64][65], The diaphaneity of a mineral depends on the thickness of the sample. [53], Polymorphism can extend beyond pure symmetry content. They could be a defining constituent, such as uranium in uraninite, autunite, and carnotite, or as trace impurities. Minerals in this group are the main crystalline constituents of teeth and bones in vertebrates. The barite group has the general formula XSO4, where the X is a large 12-coordinated cation. Beide Definitionen sind nicht deckungsgleich. The largest such group is the oxalates, which combine C2O2−4 with cations. the angle between the b and c axes):[52]. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. [37] Overall, around 150 minerals are considered particularly important, whether in terms of their abundance or aesthetic value in terms of collecting. [130], The carbonate minerals are those in which the main anionic group is carbonate, [CO3]2−. The scale is provided below:[61], Lustre indicates how light reflects from the mineral's surface, with regards to its quality and intensity. Some natural solid substances without a definite crystalline structure, such as opal or obsidian, are more properly called mineraloids. Framework silicates, or tectosilicates, have tetrahedra that share all four corners. [93] Orthosilicates (or nesosilicates) have no linking of polyhedra, thus tetrahedra share no corners. Colour is the most obvious property of a mineral, but it is often non-diagnostic. [7], Other salts include salts of formate (CHOO−) such as formicaite and dashkovaite; and salts of acetate (C2H3O2−) such as acetamide and calclacite. Metallic and sub-metallic minerals have high reflectivity like metal; examples of minerals with this lustre are galena and pyrite. Rutile group minerals have a ratio of 1:2; the eponymous species, rutile (TiO2) is the chief ore of titanium; other examples include cassiterite (SnO2; ore of tin), and pyrolusite (MnO2; ore of manganese). Simple oxides are characterized by O2− as the main anion and primarily ionic bonding. Important examples include the mica, chlorite, and the kaolinite-serpentine groups. As a result, it is possible for one element to be substituted for another. Cyclic twins are caused by repeated twinning around a rotation axis. Chemical substitution and coordination polyhedra explain this common feature of minerals. The International Mineralogical Association has established the following requirements for a substance to be considered a distinct mineral:[9][10]. Various cations have a specific range of possible coordination numbers; for silicon, it is almost always 4, except for very high-pressure minerals where the compound is compressed such that silicon is in six-fold (octahedral) coordination with oxygen. When a mineral is sufficiently thin (e.g., in a thin section for petrography), it may become transparent even if that property is not seen in a hand sample. For example, the plagioclase feldspars comprise a continuous series from sodium-rich end member albite (NaAlSi3O8) to calcium-rich anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) with four recognized intermediate varieties between them (given in order from sodium- to calcium-rich): oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, and bytownite. It is not, however, an ore of iron, but can be instead oxidized to produce sulfuric acid. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the generally recognized standard body for the definition and nomenclature of mineral species. They tend to be transparent to translucent, soft, and many are fragile. An example of such a mineral would be the ruby and sapphire varieties of the mineral corundum. Español 1 664 000+ artículos. One data set contains the entire information on the structure of an inorganic crystalline compound including a 3D visualization of the structure. Micas can be used in electronics as insulators, in construction, as optical filler, or even cosmetics. [5] Other PAC compounds appearing as minerals include fluorene as kratochvilite; and anthracene as ravatite. These two mineral species are members of eponymous mineral groups: the calcite group includes carbonates with the general formula XCO3, and the dolomite group constitutes minerals with the general formula XY(CO3)2. The pyroxene group has a common formula of XY(Si,Al)2O6, where X and Y are both cations, with X typically bigger than Y; the pyroxenes are single-chain silicates that crystallize in either the orthorhombic or monoclinic crystal systems. A corollary is that a mineral will not be found in a rock whose bulk chemistry does not resemble the bulk chemistry of a given mineral with the exception of trace minerals. The region is rich in carbonate minerals, forming a huge inorganic carbon pool. The reaction of acid with carbonates, most commonly found as the polymorph calcite and aragonite (CaCO3), relates to the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral, which is a key in the formation of limestone caves, features within them such as stalactite and stalagmites, and karst landforms. [104], Inosilicates consist of tetrahedra repeatedly bonded in chains. [107] Several amphibole mineral species can have an asbestiform crystal habit. If the latter subgroup cools slowly from a melt, it forms exsolution lamellae because the two components – orthoclase and albite – are unstable in solid solution. In the latter case, the decay of a radioactive element damages the mineral crystal structure rendering it locally amorphous (metamict state); the optical result, termed a radioactive halo or pleochroic halo, is observable with various techniques, such as thin-section petrography. [95], Forming 12% of the Earth's crust, quartz (SiO2) is the most abundant mineral species. Do we write: "inorganic compounds are considered to be of a mineral, not biological origin, but only those minerals that are not of biological origin." Several terms are used to describe this property. [106], The pyroxene group consists of 21 mineral species. Euhedral crystals have a defined external shape, while anhedral crystals do not; those intermediate forms are termed subhedral. Carbonates are most often formed as biogenic or chemical sediments in marine environments. [81], Radioactivity is a rare property; minerals may be composed of radioactive elements. [47], Coordination polyhedra are geometric representations of how a cation is surrounded by an anion. [68] Streak is more often distinctive for metallic minerals, in contrast to non-metallic minerals whose body colour is created by allochromatic elements. [8] Other important mineral groups include the native elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates. In the vast majority of cases, silicon is in four-fold or tetrahedral coordination with oxygen. Physical properties applied for classification include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, cleavage and fracture, and specific gravity. The 2:1 clay minerals (pyrophyllite-talc) consist of T-O-T stacks, but they are softer (hardness from 1 to 2), as they are instead held together by van der Waals forces. Both iron and magnesium are in octahedral by oxygen. An organic compound is any compound containing carbon, aside from some simple ones discovered before 1828. Besides the essential chemical composition and crystal structure, the description of a mineral species usually includes its common physical properties such as habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity, magnetism, fluorescence, radioactivity, as well as its taste or smell and its reaction to acid. Geniculated twins have a bend in the middle that is caused by start of the twin. [137], The phosphate minerals are characterized by the tetrahedral [PO4]3− unit, although the structure can be generalized, and phosphorus is replaced by antimony, arsenic, or vanadium. Like the sulfides, sulfosalts are typically soft, heavy, and brittle minerals. In other cases, minerals can only be classified by more complex optical, chemical or X-ray diffraction analysis; these methods, however, can be costly and time-consuming. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. [35] The other minerals in the rock are termed accessory minerals, and do not greatly affect the bulk composition of the rock. An early classification of minerals was given by Carl Linnaeus in his seminal 1735 book Systema Naturae. For example, as the amphiboles are double-chain silicates and the pyroxenes are single-chain silicates, the angle between their cleavage planes is different. Inorganic definition, not having the structure or organization characteristic of living bodies. The T6O18 is the basic ring structure, where T is usually Si4+, but substitutable by Al3+ or B3+. However, while his system was justified by Charles Darwin's theory of species formation, and has been largely adopted and expanded by biologists in the following centuries, (who still even use his Greek- and Latin-based binomial naming scheme), it had little success among mineralogists. These groups are classified in turn into more broad categories, the most encompassing of these being the six crystal families. Finally, a mineral variety is a specific type of mineral species that differs by some physical characteristic, such as colour or crystal habit. [Si4O10]4−) These tetrahedra (T) and octahedra (O) sheets are stacked in a variety of combinations to create phyllosilicate groups. [114], Other examples of sorosilicates include lawsonite, a metamorphic mineral forming in the blueschist facies (subduction zone setting with low temperature and high pressure), vesuvianite, which takes up a significant amount of calcium in its chemical structure.[114][115]. For example, quartz is defined by its formula, SiO2, and a specific crystalline structure that distinguishes it from other minerals with the same chemical formula (termed polymorphs). When there exists a range of composition between two minerals species, a mineral series is defined. The geological definition of mineral normally excludes compounds that occur only in living beings. How to use inorganic in a sentence. [7] For example, amethyst is a purple variety of the mineral species quartz. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. As adjectives the difference between inorganic and mineral is that inorganic is (chemistry) relating to a compound that does not contain carbon while mineral is of, related to, or containing minerals. This mineral group includes native metals, semi-metals, and non-metals, and various alloys and solid solutions. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "inorganic mineral" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. The scale ranges from talc, a phyllosilicate, to diamond, a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material. They are bound at three oxygen sites, which gives a characteristic silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:5. [68] As nouns the difference between mineral and organic is that mineral is (geology) any naturally occurring inorganic material that has a (more or less) definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties while organic is (chemistry) an organic compound. [71][72], Minerals with many cleavages might not break equally well in all of the directions; for example, calcite has good cleavage in three directions, but gypsum has perfect cleavage in one direction, and poor cleavage in two other directions. They can also catalyze the dissolution of minerals. Some authors require the material to be a stable or metastable solid at room temperature (25 °C). en.wikipedia.org. [131] Due to the last characteristic, field geologists often carry dilute hydrochloric acid to distinguish carbonates from non-carbonates. [71][72], As cleavage is a function of crystallography, there are a variety of cleavage types. Theophrastus classified minerals as stones, earths or metals. Native elements are those that are not chemically bonded to other elements. [136] Sulfates can be subdivided into anhydrous and hydrous minerals. The aluminosilicates are a group of three minerals – kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite – which share the chemical formula Al2SiO5. These sheets are held together by much weaker van der Waals forces, and this discrepancy translates to large macroscopic differences. Das Hexa hydrat (Eu [NO 3] 3 ∙6H 2 O) ist die verbreitetste Form, … Tonminerale bezeichnet einerseits Minerale, die überwiegend feinstkörnig (Korngröße < 2 µm) vorkommen, andererseits jedoch die Schichtsilikate, die nach ihrer schichtartigen Kristallstruktur aus Silizium und Sauerstoff, sowie Wasserstoff und meist Magnesium und Aluminium benannt sind. This type of fracture occurs only in very homogeneous minerals. [16][17] Most names end in "-ite"; the exceptions are usually names that were well-established before the organization of mineralogy as a discipline, like galena and diamond. close-packed structures is a way to densely pack atoms while minimizing interstitial space. The chlorite group is related to mica group, but a brucite-like (Mg(OH)2) layer between the T-O-T stacks. Topaz (Al2SiO4(F, OH)2, often found in granitic pegmatites associated with tourmaline, is a common gemstone mineral.[119]. An example of this test is done when distinguishing calcite from dolomite, especially within the rocks (limestone and dolomite respectively). [32][36], In rocks, some mineral species and groups are much more abundant than others; these are termed the rock-forming minerals. Feldspars are all framework silicates, which have a silicon-oxygen ratio of 2:1, and the space for other elements is given by the substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ to give a base unit of [AlSi3O8]−; without the substitution, the formula would be charge-balanced as SiO2, giving quartz. In contrast, allochromatic elements in minerals are present in trace amounts as impurities. Deutsch 2 542 000+ Artikel. The latter mineral can only be formed on Earth by meteorite impacts, and its structure has been composed so much that it had changed from a silicate structure to that of rutile (TiO2). James Dwight Dana, a leading geologist of his time, first published his System of Mineralogy in 1837; as of 1997, it is in its eighth edition. In a limestone, calcite or aragonite (both CaCO3) form because the rock is rich in calcium and carbonate. As of December 2020[update], the IMA recognizes 5,650 official mineral species[5] out of 5,862 proposed or traditional ones.[6]. Halite, NaCl, is table salt; its potassium-bearing counterpart, sylvite, has a pronounced bitter taste. The Dana classification assigns a four-part number to a mineral species. Other examples are the aluminosilicates kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite (polymorphs, since they share the formula Al2SiO5), which differ by the coordination number of the Al3+; these minerals transition from one another as a response to changes in pressure and temperature. [1][2] Early descriptions of organic minerals include mellite in 1793, humboldtine in 1821 and idrialite in 1832. [21][22][23], Biogeochemical cycles have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years. In contrast, some minerals, such as hematite or pyrite, are opaque even in thin-section.[65]. Zeolites have several industrial applications, especially in waste water treatment. [100] In addition to the tetrahedra, phyllosilicates have a sheet of octahedra (elements in six-fold coordination by oxygen) that balance out the basic tetrahedra, which have a negative charge (e.g. The most common disilicates by far are members of the epidote group. Carpathite is deposited as pale yellow flakes in cracks between diorite (an igneous rock) and argillite (a sedimentary rock); it is prized for a beautiful blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. [7] To encourage the discovery of more carbon minerals, the Deep Carbon Observatory launched an initiative known as the Carbon Mineral Challenge. The backbone of the amphiboles is the [Si8O22]12−; it is balanced by cations in three possible positions, although the third position is not always used, and one element can occupy both remaining ones. For example, the biotite series is represented by variable amounts of the endmembers phlogopite, siderophyllite, annite, and eastonite. Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical regimes. [48], Changes in temperature and pressure and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. However, the distinction is not clearly defined; authorities have differing views on the subject. [38], Commercially valuable minerals and rocks are referred to as industrial minerals. [101], The kaolinite-serpentine group consists of T-O stacks (the 1:1 clay minerals); their hardness ranges from 2 to 4, as the sheets are held by hydrogen bonds. As a result […] Rocks are made of minerals.. Minerals are usually solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure, and form naturally by geological processes.. Das Mineral Rubinit ist ein seltenes Inselsilikat aus der Obergruppe der Granate mit der idealisierten chemischen Zusammensetzung Ca 3 Ti 3+ 2 Si 3 O 12.Es kristallisiert im kubischen Kristallsystem mit der Struktur von Granat.. Rubinit tritt in Form von wenigen µm großen, rundlichen Körnern in Calcium-Aluminium-reichen Einschlüssen (CAI) in Kohligen Chondriten des Typs CV3 auf. Among most minerals, this property is not diagnostic. Sometimes a mineral with variable composition is split into separate species, more or less arbitrarily, forming a mineral group; that is the case of the silicates CaxMgyFe2-x-ySiO4, the olivine group. Inorganic minerals are typically removed from water supplies during the natural water cycle, but as water runs through the ground, it picks up inorganic minerals. [42], The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly by their chemistry, in turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth. Minerals that do not allow light to pass are called opaque. For example, whewellite, CaC2O4⋅H2O is an oxalate that can be deposited in hydrothermal ore veins. D: Große Kationen, die von 9 oder mehr Anionen umgeben sind: Na +, Ca 2+, K +, Sr 2+, Ba 2+, Fe 2+ T: Kleine Kationen, die von 4 Anionen tetraedrisch umgeben sind: Si 4+, Al 3+ List This article has been rated as List-Class on the project's quality scale. Sulfides tend to be soft, brittle minerals with a high specific gravity. The chemical composition of a named mineral species may vary somewhat by the inclusion of small amounts of impurities. Gem minerals are often present in several varieties, and so one mineral can account for several different gemstones; for example, ruby and sapphire are both corundum, Al2O3. They are summarized below; a, b, and c represent the axes, and α, β, γ represent the angle opposite the respective crystallographic axis (e.g. three-member, four-member, five-member chains, etc.) [75], Specific gravity numerically describes the density of a mineral. Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Two examples are kamacite and taenite, which are found in iron meteorites; these species differ by the amount of Ni in the alloy; kamacite has less than 5–7% nickel and is a variety of native iron, whereas the nickel content of taenite ranges from 7–37%. In general, parting is caused by some stress applied to a crystal. [120], The sulfide minerals are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a sulfur; tellurium, arsenic, or selenium can substitute for the sulfur. It has a particularly complicated crystal structure that was only fully described in 1986. Hexagonal close-packing involves stacking layers where every other layer is the same ("ababab"), whereas cubic close-packing involves stacking groups of three layers ("abcabcabc"). The base unit of a silicate mineral is the [SiO4]4− tetrahedron. The details of these rules are somewhat controversial. [87][88], Non-silicate minerals are subdivided into several other classes by their dominant chemistry, which includes native elements, sulfides, halides, oxides and hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates, borates, sulfates, phosphates, and organic compounds. Then Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea by heating an inorganic substance called ammonium cyanate, proving that organic compounds could also be created through an inorganic process. Eight elements account for most of the key components of minerals, due to their abundance in the crust. Play of colour, such as in opal, results in the sample reflecting different colours as it is turned, while pleochroism describes the change in colour as light passes through a mineral in a different orientation. A common example of a feldspathoid is nepheline ((Na, K)AlSiO4); compared to alkali feldspar, nepheline has an Al2O3:SiO2 ratio of 1:2, as opposed to 1:6 in the feldspar. A common example of chemical substitution is that of Si4+ by Al3+, which are close in charge, size, and abundance in the crust. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often expressed in the geometric form that the crystal takes. [116], Other orthosilicates include zircon, staurolite, and topaz. [82], When tested, magnetism is a very conspicuous property of minerals. These asbestos minerals form long, thin, flexible, and strong fibres, which are electrical insulators, chemically inert and heat-resistant; as such, they have several applications, especially in construction materials. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Nickel's (1995) formal definition explicitly mentioned crystallinity as a key to defining a substance as a mineral. The iron-nickel group is characterized by several iron-nickel alloy species. [24][25][26], Prior to the International Mineralogical Association's listing, over 60 biominerals had been discovered, named, and published. Skinner expanded the previous definition of a mineral to classify "element or compound, amorphous or crystalline, formed through biogeochemical processes," as a mineral. Characteristics. but they are rare. The geometry of the twinning is controlled by the mineral's symmetry. [71][73], When a mineral is broken in a direction that does not correspond to a plane of cleavage, it is termed to have been fractured. [68], By definition, minerals have a characteristic atomic arrangement. The latter property is particularly common in gem-quality corundum. [138], The Strunz classification includes a class for organic minerals. The pyroxenes cleave in two directions at approximately 90°, whereas the amphiboles distinctively cleave in two directions separated by approximately 120° and 60°. Bauxites are the chief aluminium ore, and are a heterogeneous mixture of the hydroxide minerals diaspore, gibbsite, and bohmite; they form in areas with a very high rate of chemical weathering (mainly tropical conditions). Tectosilicates, also known as framework silicates, have the highest degree of polymerization. The streak of a mineral is independent of trace elements[64] or any weathering surface. These minerals tend to be soft, weak, brittle, and water-soluble. [88], Mineral classification schemes and their definitions are evolving to match recent advances in mineral science. Orthosilicates consist of isolated tetrahedra that are charge-balanced by other cations. Many powdered sulfides, such as pyrite, have a sulfurous smell when powdered. [74], Tenacity is related to both cleavage and fracture. In mineralogy, coordination polyhedra are usually considered in terms of oxygen, due its abundance in the crust. Examples of species include spinel (MgAl2O4), chromite (FeCr2O4), and magnetite (Fe3O4). 2H 2 O und entwickelt meist durchscheinende oder opake Kristalle von bläulichschwarzer, schwarzer, olivgrüner oder oranger Farbe. Crystals are restricted to 32 point groups, which differ by their symmetry. Defined by ten indicators, a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it. [99], Phyllosilicates consist of sheets of polymerized tetrahedra. [143], In January 2014, NASA reported that current studies by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers on Mars would search for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. A major group within this class are the spinels, with a general formula of X2+Y3+2O4. [13] Minerals are typically described by their symmetry content. Among common minerals, magnetite exhibits this property strongly, and magnetism is also present, albeit not as strongly, in pyrrhotite and ilmenite. It is common for the Si4+ to be substituted by Al3+ because of similarity in ionic radius and charge; in those cases, the [AlO4]5− tetrahedra form the same structures as do the unsubstituted tetrahedra, but their charge-balancing requirements are different.